A solid cube of 4 inches has been painted red, green and black on the pairs of opposite faces. It has then been cut into one inch cubes. Following questions relate to the smaller one inch cubes.1. How many cubes have only one face painted?
(1) 8(2) 16(3) 24 (4) 32
2. How many cubes have only two faces painted?
(1) 0(2) 16(3) 24(4) 32
3. How many cubes have only four faces painted?(1) 0(2) 8(3) 12 (4) 16
4. How many cubes have no faces painted?(1) 0(2) 8(3) 16(4) 24
5. 'Win' is related to 'Competition' in the same way as 'Invention' is related to?(1) Discovery(2) Experiment(3) Trial(4) Laboratory
6. In a certain code language, i')Guda buka' means 'Clear water'ii')Pin gola' means 'Overcast sky'iii)'Pin saf buka' means 'Clear blue sky' Which word in that code language means 'Blue'?(1) Pin (2) Buka(3) Saf(4) Guda
7 . I was born on August 11. Mohan is younger to me by 11 days. This year Independence Day falls on Monday. The day on which Mohan's birthday will fall this year will be (1) Monday (2) Tuesday(3) Sunday(4) Thursday
8. The flowers in a basket become double after every minute. In one hour, the basket becomes full. After how many minutes, the basket would be half-filled? 1) 30(2) 45(3) 59(4) 58
9. Which of the following will come in place of the question mark (?) in the following letter series?BXF, DVI, FTL, HRO,?1) JPL(2) KPL(3) JOL(4) None of these
10. If '+' means '*', '-' means '/' , '/' means '+' and '*' means '-' , then what will the value of 20/ 40 – 4 * 5 +6 ?1) 60(2) 1.67 (3) 150(4) 0
11. There are seven persons up on the ladder. 'A' is further up than 'E' but is lower than ‘C’, 'B' is in the middle. 'G' is between 'A' and ‘B’. 'E' is between 'B' and ‘F’. If 'F' is between 'B' and ‘D’, then the person on the top of the ladder will be1) A(2) B (3) C(4) D
12. I am proceeding towards North. I take a turn to my right. After some time I take a turn to my left and again to my left. Then I go to my right. After some distance I again turn towards my right. The direction in which I am moving now1) East(2) West (3) North(4) South
13. A student scores 55% marks in 8 papers of 100 marks each. He scores 15% of his total marks in English. How much does he score in English?1) 552) 663) 774) 445) None of these
14. In a class, 6 students can speak gujarati, 15 can speak Hindi and 6 can speak Marathi. If two students can speak two languages and one student can speak all the three languages, then how many students are there in the class?1) 21(2)22(3) 23 (4) 24
15. If 'A' runs faster than ‘E’ but not as fast as 'D' and 'D' runs faster than 'C' but not as fast as' ‘B’, then the person who runs the fastest is 1) A (2) B(3) C(4)D
16. A person is to go up a tree 60ft high. In every second, he climbs 5ft but slips 4ft. After how many seconds, will he be able to touch the top of the tree? (1) 60 (2) 59(3) 56(4) 58
Read the following statements carefully to answer these questions:Statements:1)Mohan and Ram play hockey and football.2)Edward and Ram play football and cricket.3)Mohan and Rafiq play tennis and hockey.4)Refiq and Edward play cricket and tennis
17. Name of the who plays hockey, football and tennis.(1) Edward (2) Ram(3) Mohan (4) Rafiq
18. Name the boys who plays hockey, football and cricket.(1) Ram (2) Mohan(3) Rafiq(4) Edward
19. Name of the boy who plays hockey, cricket and tennis.(1) Mohan (2) Ram(3) Rafiq(4) Edward
20. A gets 10% more marks than B. Then B gets(1) 10% more marks than A(2) 10% less marks than A(3) 9 % more marks than A(4) None of these.
21 .A and B invest Rs.200 and Rs.300 respectively in a business for a period of 3 years, respectively. Then the profit will be divided in the ratio(1) 4:3 (2) 2:3(3) 1:1 (4) 6:5
Directions (Q. 22-25): Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below it.
(i) Seven subjects Sociology, Psychology, English, History, Geography, Economics and Hindi are taught between Monday and Friday by five persons A, B, C, D and E.
(ii) Each person teaches at least one subjects. At least one subject is taught every day. No person teaches two subjects on the same day. B teaches Sociology on Wednesday. History is taught by E but not on Monday or Thursday. English is taught on Monday by A. Geography and Economics are taught on Monday and Tuesday respectively. D teaches only one subject Psychology on Tuesday. Geography is not taught by E or B.
22. Who teaches Geography? 1) C2) E 3) B 4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
23. Which subject is taught on Friday?1) Hindi 2) Economics 3) History 4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
24. Who teaches Economics? 1) E 2) A3) B 4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
25. Which subjects is taught on Thursday?1) History 2) Economics 3) Geography 4) Data inadequate 5) None of these
IBM, Honeywell Papers
Monday, October 13, 2008 at 11:51 PM Labels: Accenture, Honeywell, IBM
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IBM Paper
Directions (Q. 1-8): Read the following information carefully and answer the given questions: Following are the criteria for appointing a Personnel Manager for a company.
The candidate must...
A) not be more than 35 year as on 1.6.2000.
B) be a postgraduate in personnel management.
C) have work experience as personnel officer/manager of at least five years.
D) have good command over English.
In the case of a candidate-
(i) who satisfies all the criteria expect at
(A) above but has work experience as personnel manager for at least 10 years, his/her case may be referred to Director (Personnel) for consideration.
(ii) who satisfies all the other criteria except at
(C) above but has obtained Ph.D. degree in Personnel Management, his/her case may be referred to Managing Director for consideration. You are given the following cases on 1.6.2000. Depending upon the information provided in each case in each of the questions given below and based on the criteria mentioned above, recommend your decision. You are not to assume anything. Mark your answer as per the following: Mark answer (1): if the candidate is to be selected.Mark answer (2): if the candidate is not to be selected.Mark answer (3): if the case to be referred to Director (Personnel). Mark answer (4): if the case is to be referred to Managing Director. Mark answer (5): if complete information is not provided.
1)Kamini Gadgil is a post-graduate in Personnel Management and was born on 15th August 1967. She has been working in a company for the last 10 years as personnel Officer.
2.)Aditi Sahay is a doctorate (Ph. D.) in Personnel Management. She has been working in a company as personnel officer for the last two years. She has good command over English and was born on 2nd November, 1964.
3.)Vijay Kulkarni is a graduate in Personnel Management. He was 32 years old as on 1st December 1999. He has good command over English and has been working in a company as Personnel Manager for the last 12 years.
4.)Pradeep Sarkar is post-graduate in Personnel Management and has been working in a company as a Personnel Manager for the last 15 years. He has good command over English and his date of birth is 13th April, 1964.
5.)Praveen Chopra is post-graduate in Personnel Management and has been working in a company as Personnel Officer for the last 7 years. He has good command over English and his date of birth is 20th March, 1967.
6.)Priya Karkhanis was born on 25th January, 1968. She has been working in a company as Personnel Manager for the last three years. She has good command over English. She has done Ph. D. in Personnel Management.
7.)Nirmala Pandey has passed post-graduation examination in Personnel Management. She has good command over English and she has been working in a company as Personnel Officer for the last five years. She was born on 17th May, 1969.
8.)Anees Ahmad is Post-graduate in Personnel Management. He has been working a Personnel Officer for the last seven years. He has good command over English.
Directions (Q. 9-14):In each question below is given a statement followed by two courses of action I and II. A course of action is a step or administrative decision to be taken for improvement, follow-up or further action in regard to the problem, policy, etc. on the basis of the information given in the statement. You have to assume everything in the statement to be true, then decide which of the given suggested courses of action (5) logically follows for pursuing.Give answer (1): if only I follows. Give answer (2): if only II follows. Give answer (3): if either I or II follows. Give answer (4): if neither I nor II follows. Give answer (5): if both I and II follow.
9.)Statement: Severe drought is reported to have set in several parts of the country. Courses of action: I. Govt should immediately make arrangement for providing financial assistance to those affected. II. Food, water and fodder should immediately be sent to all these areas to save the people and cattle.
10.)Statement: A larger number of lower-ranked politicians are murdered by antisocial elements in city A.Courses of action: I. All those in the city with criminal records should immediately be arrested.II. The city police should keep a close vigil on the movements of anti-social elements so as to prevent future attacks.
11.)Statement: It is reported that though Vitamin E present in fresh fruits and fresh vegetables is beneficial for human body, capsuled Vitamin E does not have same effect on human body.Courses of action: I. The sale of capsuled Vitamin E should be banned.II. People should be encouraged to take fresh fruits and fresh vegetables to meet the body requirement of Vitamin E.
12.)Statement: India has been continuously experiencing military threats from its neighboring countries.Courses of action: I. India should engage in an all-over war to stop the nagging threats.II. India should get the neighbors into a serious dialogue to reduce the tension at its borders.
13.) Statement: India has now been recognized by the Western world as a vast resource of knowledge and the latter is eager to use the same. Courses of action: I. India should exploit this opportunity to hasten its economic growth.II. India should bargain effectively with the Western world and become a super power in South Asia.
14.)Statement: It is estimated that about twenty lakh people will visit the city during the ensuing festival. Courses of action: I. The civic authority should make adequate arrangements to tackle the situation.II. All the hospitals in the city should be put on high alert in case of any eventuality.
15.)In a certain code language watch is called book, book is called pen, pen is called air, air is called fire, fire is called water, water is called yellow and yellow is called green. Then what is the colour of fire in that language?1) Yellow 2) Water 3) Green 4) Air5) None of these
Directions (Q. 16-22): In the following questions an expression has been given for which you have to give a one-word substitute as your answer from the given alternatives. If none of the alternatives are correct your answer will be 5), ie None of these.
16.)A tale in literature not having true incidents 1) Fable 2) Allegory3) Novel 4) Fantasy 5) None of these
17.)Liable to commit mistake or error 1) Superficial2) Fallible3) Buffoon 4) Humane 5) None of these
18.)Wandering in search of adventure 1) Gypsy 2) Gyrate 3) Expedite 4) Errant 5) None of these
19.)Incapable of being satisfied 1) Greedy2) Nomadic3) Insatiable4) Devilish5) None of these
20.)Not having made a will 1) Generous2) Intestate 3) Munificent4) Voluntary 5) None of these
21.)Rakhi starts from point Q and moves in southward direction for 25 metres; then she turns left and moves 30 metres; then she turns right and moves 15 metres to reach point P. What is the distance and direction of P from Q?1) 50 metres South-West2) 50 metres South-East 3) 45 metres South-East4) 40 metres South 5) None of these
22.)Two brothers Kanhaiya and Kishore are in a habit of passing comments on their friends, which they somehow also use as passcode for e-mail. Kanhaiya's comment is 'Don't live always in a fool's paradise' and his passcode is 'fool's live in paradise a don't always'. If Kishore's comment is 'Listen time and tide waits for none', then what will be his passcode by the same rule? 1) for time tide none waits listen and 2) for time none tide waits listen and 3) for time tide waits none listen and4) for time tide none listen waits and 5) None of these
23.)If 'grey' means 'yellow'; 'yellow' means 'white'; 'white' means 'blue'; 'blue' means 'red'; 'red' means 'black’; and 'black' 'violet’; then what is the colour of clear sky? 1) red 2) white3) violet4) black 5) yellow
24.)Among M, N, D, P and W, D is taller than M and W. P is taller than D and N. Who among them is shortest? 1) M 2) W 3) D4) Data inadequate5) None of these
25.)Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group. Which is the one that does not belong to that group? 1) Wheat2) Paddy 3) Jowar 4) Corn 5) Sesame
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Accenture Placement Paper
1.Find the approximate value of the following equation.
6.23% of 258.43 - ? + 3.11% of 127 = 13.87
1) 2
2) 4
3) 8
4) 6
5) 10
2. A train overtakes 2 persons walking at 3 km/hr and 5 km/hr respectively in the same direction and completely passes them in 8 seconds and 10 seconds respectively. Find the speed of the train.
1) 15 km/hr
2) 13 km/hr
3) 10 km/hr
4) 10 km/hr
5) None of these
3.The ratio between the radius and height of a cone is 3:4. What is the curved surface area of the cone?
1) 15p m2
2) 12p m2
3) 9p m2
4) Data inadequate
5) None of these
4.A man stands on the top of a pole and makes an angle of 60° on the surface of a ground. He slides 20 m down and makes an angle of 30°at the same point. If he takes 10 seconds to reach the ground from here, find his speed.
1) 6 km/hr
2) 5 km/hr
3) 10 km/hr
4) 8 km/hr
5) 10.80 km/hr
5.Which of the following values of 'n' satisfies the in-equality n2 - 24n + 143 <> 13
3) 11 <> n > 13
5) None of these
6.If 2x+y = 11, 2y+z = 12 and z+2x = 8, find the value of 2x + 3y +4z.
1) 29
2) 33
3) 25
4) 39
5) None of these
7.A shopkeeper labels the price of article 15% above the cost price. If he allow Rs 51.20 discount on an article of Rs 1024, find his profit percent.
1) 10%
2) 8%
3) 12%
4) 9%
5) 9.25%
8.Which of the following numbers are completely divisible by 11?
A. 3245682 B. 283712 C. 438416 D. 36894
1) Only A
2) Only B
3) Only C
4) Only D
5) All are divisible
9.The sum of a number and its square is 1406. What is the number?
1) 38
2) 39
3) 37
4) 29
5) None of these
10.In a business P and Q invested amounts in the ratio 3:4, whereas the ratio between amounts invested by P and R was 6:7. If Rs 106501.50 was their profit, how much amount did Q receive? 1) Rs 40572
2) Rs 30429
3) Rs 35500.50
4) Rs 34629
5) None of these
Directions (Q. 11-15): Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the answer is 5). (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any.)
11. 1) To the best of 2) my knowledge and belief 3) his moral character was 4) is beyond approach. 5) No error
12. 1) This suggestion was 2) placed down a few years ago 3) because of a suspicion that 4) the best officers will quite. 5) No error
13. 1) Successful privatising calls for 2) a broad-based programme rather than 3) a preoccupation with getting the 4) best for individual companies. 5) No error
14. 1) There can be 2) little doubt that 3) he was the author 4) of his own downfall. 5) No error
15. 1) He became a 2) prickly person able to 3) get on with old friends 4) and new colleagues. 5) No error
Directions (Q. 16-25): In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed below the passage and against each five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate words.
It is a 16 that Communists are opposed to economic reforms. The fact of the life is that Communists are the most 17 fighters for economic reforms, the reforms that lead to self-reliant and democratic economic development with social justice. To term the market-oriented changes as reform is a 18. The development strategy 19 under Structural Adjustment and dictated by the World Bank, IMF and WTO is a strategy for the 20 development of capitalism under which the working people, who are the main productive force, are made 21, kept unemployed, thrown out of jobs, and so on. It has no social relevance. In the phase of globalization, no country can develop in 22 and entry of the foreign capital can not be 23 altogether. Integration with world economy has to ensure the free and speedy 24 of the national economy. Foreign capital has to be allowed in the areas where we really need huge investment, which our resources cannot meet, and where we need technology, not available in the country. Economic 25 should not mean license for plunder by MNCs.
16. 1) problem 2) mysticism 3) curiosity 4) misconception 5) mistake
17. 1) liberal 2) demanding 3) strident 4) detrimental 5) horrible.
18. 1) misnomer 2) terrible 3) danger 4) tragedy 5) shame
19. 1) reached 2) verified 3) assembled 4) hurled 5) envisaged
20. 1) westernised 2) unfettered 3) gross 4) accumulated 5) astounding
21. 1) labourers 2) culprit 3) redundant 4) escapists 5) icons
22. 1) unison 2) liberalisation 3) coalition 4) association 5) isolation
23. 1) forced 2) loaded 3) denied 4) stated 5) scrutinised
24. 1) development 2) empowerment 3) unity 4) mobilisation 5) cohesion
25. 1) growth 2) potential 3) strategy 4) reforms 5) vitality
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ANSWERS
1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (4) 4. (5) 5. (3) 6. (1) 7. (5) 8. (5) 9. (3) 10. (1) 11. (4) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (5) 15. (2) 16. (4) 17. (3) 18.(1) 19. (5) 20. (2) 21. (3) 22. (5) 23. (3) 24. (1) 25. (4)
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How to Communicate with the Interviewer?
at 11:40 PM Labels: Placement / Interview Tips
In any organization, a good communicator is a positive assert and a long-term investment. Hence interviewers gauge the communication skills of the candidates. They may not be very particular about the accuracy of each answer but their primary target is fluently of expression, which you will have to demonstrate with utmost ease and facility while you respond to questions.
Your communication skills are one of the areas that an employer is looking at on the job interview. Many people will go into a job interview and say to the employer, “I have excellent communication skills.” But, if your interview suggests otherwise, then you’re just blowing hot air.
The interview gives you an opportunity to show off your communication skills. Communicating is more than just talking someone to death or listening to you talks. Communicating is a two part process. In an interview situation, you have to use active listening. Active listening basically means paying attention to what the other person is saying. Many people practice lazy listening. This is where you are not paying attention to the person speaking and you’re busy thinking about other things or what you’re going to say.
When the interviewer asks you a question, you can start off your answer by restating the question. This gives you extra time to form your answer.
For example, the interviewer asks, “How would your former employer describe you?”
Your answer would start off as, “My former employer would describe me as…”
When answering a question, keep your answers short and to the point. If you’re telling a story, keep it simple. The interviewer doesn’t need to know the life history of the people in the story. Don’t use slang or a bunch of ump’s and hubs.
Remember, you are trying to demonstrate to the interviewer that you have excellent communication skills. When you use umps and hubs throughout your answers, it signals to the interviewer that you aren’t sure of your answers or you don’t have excellent communication skills.
Practice your answers before the interview. You can’t know every question that he or she will ask you, but with the “most frequently asked questions” section of this website, you’ll be more prepared than most people.
During a job interview, a potential employer asks, “Can you take on more than one project at a time?” If you respond, “Yes,” you may want to rethink that answer. Be specific. Here’s a preferred answer to the question above, “In general, depending upon the type and length of projects, I believe I can efficiently handle more than one project at a time.” Active listening means two things: analysis and response to the message being communicated. An active listener maintains eye contact and good posture with a slight lean towards the speaker. Gestures, appearance, timing, voice responses, facial expressions, spatial distance – all affect how the speaker (or interviewer) interprets thelistener. So a person preparing for a job or work project interview should consider the cultural climate and norms of societyof the interviewer. In short, perceived active listening based on nonverbal signals can vary from culture to culture. Especially in this age of such great cultural diversity, be courteous of others regardless of cultural, sexual or societal backgrounds. If you are a woman and get to a door before a man, open it. If your interviewer doesn’t speak English very welland looks puzzled at your words, go back and explain yourself again in different words and re-establish a good communication exchange. A major part of active listening is paraphrasing. It’s not the same as summarizing. A summary is a shortened version of the original message, focusing on the main point. To paraphrase means to re-state the message in your own words. Active listeners take notes by paraphrasing or restating what the speaker said in their own words, and summarizing main points. A good listener is not the same thing as a silent listener. Good listeners ask questions, even something like, “Is this an accurate statement of what you have said?” to let the speaker know that you understand the message being communicated.
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How to present yourself in an Interview
at 11:38 PM Labels: Placement / Interview Tips
Express yourself at job interview
The job interview is a key step to the road to your future. It’s your opportunity to shine. An interview gives you a chanceto display your intelligence, talent and enthusiasm. How you handle yourself can make or break your chances of getting the job you want.
Interests
What types of work excite you? What job do you really want?
Abilities
What skills do you have? What ones do you need for the job you want?
Education
List the schools you’ve attended, courses you’ve taken, and degrees and certificates you’ve earned.
Experience
List all your previous jobs, including part-time, free-lance and volunteer work.
Values
What basic attitudes do you have toward the world, other people and yourself?
Strengths and Weaknesses
What are you good at? What weakness must you overcome to get the jog you want?
Most of all know your goals!
Ask yourself what you want to be doing in 5 years from now. Know you’re immediate and long –range goals!
Know the organization, too.
It may give you the edge you need.
Be friendly
Greet the interviewer by name. Smile and give a firm handshake. Treat everyone you talk with in a polite, professional manner.
Show your enthusiasm
Enthusiasm and a sense of humor can help create a good impression.
Be positive
Keep the atmosphere friendly and pleasant. Don’t put others down to make yourself look good.
Maintain eye contact
Good eye contact is a key to building trust in a relationship.
Express yourself
Speak clearly. Use complete sentences, avoid one word answers. Don’t use slang, and don’t ramble.
Be aware of body language
Your tone of voice, posture, etc. all gives clues about your feelings and attitudes. Be sensitive to these signals in
yourself and others. Face the interviewer in a relaxed open manner.
Be a good listener
Be alert to nonverbal cues indicating when you should start or stop talking. Don’t be thinking of your response while theinterviewer is still talking.
Be yourself
Don’t try to change your personality. Give the interviewer a chance to find out who you are.
Take your time.
Answer all the questions thoughtfully. Give specific examples, where appropriate.
Emphasize your strengths.
Focus on work experience, courses or personal qualities that would be beneficial for the job.
Don’t criticize.
Don’t put down previous employers, teachers, or co-workers. It will give the interviewer a negative impression of you.
Have something to offer
Discuss ways you can contribute to the organization. Let the interviewer know how you can meet a need or solve a problem.
Be assertive
This doesn’t mean you should be aggressive. It means being confident in your abilities.
Avoid personal issues
Don’t discuss family, personal or financial problems.
Thank the interviewer
Be sure to thank the interviewer for his or her time and interest when the interview is over.
Ask
When you can expect a decision and if you should call. Make sure the employer knows how to reach you.
Analyze
Your performance in the interview. Ask yourself if you did all you could to emphasize your strengths.
Follow up
The interview with a thank you letter. In it, restate your interest in the job, summarize key points of the interview and add further information to help your case.
Don’t get discouraged
Rejection is part of any job search. The key is to learn from the process.
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C, C++ Tech Aptitude Questions
Saturday, October 4, 2008 at 1:29 PM Labels: Other Aptitude Papers, Study Materials
Answer:
A modifier, also called a modifying function is a member function that changes the value of at least one data member. In other words, an operation that modifies the state of an object. Modifiers are also known as ‘mutators’.
2. What is an accessor?
Answer:
An accessor is a class operation that does not modify the state of an object. The accessor functions need to be declared as const operations .
Answer:
Template class:
A generic definition or a parameterized class not instantiated until the client provides the needed information. It’s jargon for plain templates.
Class template:
A class template specifies how individual classes can be constructed much like the way a class specifies how individual objects can be constructed. It’s jargon for plain classes.
4. When does a name clash occur?
Answer:
A name clash occurs when a name is defined in more than one place. For example., two different class libraries could give two different classes the same name. If you try to use many class libraries at the same time, there is a fair chance that you will be unable to compile or link the program because of name clashes.
5. Define namespace.
Answer:
It is a feature in c++ to minimize name collisions in the global name space. This namespace keyword assigns a distinct name to a library that allows other libraries to use the same identifier names without creating any name collisions. Furthermore, the compiler uses the namespace signature for differentiating the definitions.
6. What is the use of ‘using’ declaration.
Answer:
A using declaration makes it possible to use a name from a namespace without the scope operator.
7. What is an Iterator class?
Answer:
A class that is used to traverse through the objects maintained by a container class. There are five categories of iterators:
input iterators,
output iterators,
bidirectional iterators,
random access.
An iterator is an entity that gives access to the contents of a container object without violating encapsulation constraints. Access to the contents is granted on a one-at a-time basis in order. The order can be storage order (as in lists and queues) or some arbitrary order (as in array indices) or according to some ordering relation (as in an ordered binary tree). The iterator is a construct, which provides an interface that, when called, yields either the next element in the container, or some value denoting the fact that there are no more elements to examine. Iterators hide the details of access to and update of the elements of a container class. The simplest and safest iterators are those that permit read-only access to the contents of a container class. The following code fragment shows how an iterator might appear in code:
cont_iter:=new cont_iterator();
x:=cont_iter.next();
while x/=none do
...
s(x);
...
x:=cont_iter.next();
end;
9. List out some of the OODBMS available.
Answer:
GEMSTONE/OPAL of Gemstone systems.
ONTOS of Ontos.
Objectivity of Objectivity inc.
Versant of Versant object technology.
Object store of Object Design.
ARDENT of ARDENT software.
POET of POET software.
10. List out some of the object-oriented methodologies.
Answer:
Object Oriented Development (OOD) (Booch 1991,1994).
Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/D) (Coad and Yourdon 1991).
Object Modelling Techniques (OMT) (Rumbaugh 1991).
Object Oriented Software Engineering (Objectory) (Jacobson 1992).
Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) (Shlaer and Mellor 1992).
11. What is an incomplete type?
Answer:
Incomplete types refers to pointers in which there is non availability of the implementation of the referenced location or it points to some location whose value is not available for modification.
Example:
int *i=0x400 // i points to address 400
*i=0; //set the value of memory location pointed by i.
Incomplete types are otherwise called uninitialized pointers.
12. What is a dangling pointer?
Answer:
A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after its lifetime is over. This may occur in situations like returning addresses of the automatic variables from a function or using the address of the memory block after it is freed.
Answer:
Objects communicate by sending messages Provides response to a message to each other.
A message is sent to invoke a method. It is an implementation of an operation.
14. What is an adaptor class or Wrapper class?
Answer:
A class that has no functionality of its own. Its member functions hide the use of a third party software component or an object with the non-compatible interface or a nonobject- oriented implementation.
15. What is a Null object?
Answer:
It is an object of some class whose purpose is to indicate that a real object of that class does not exist. One common use for a null object is a return value from a member function that is supposed to return an object with some specified properties but cannot find such an object.
16. What is class invariant?
Answer:
A class invariant is a condition that defines all valid states for an object. It is a logical condition to ensure the correct working of a class. Class invariants must hold when an object is created, and they must be preserved under all operations of the class. In particular all class invariants are both preconditions and post-conditions for all operations or member functions of the class.
17. What do you mean by Stack unwinding?
Answer:
It is a process during exception handling when the destructor is called for all local objects between the place where the exception was thrown and where it is caught. 18. Define precondition and post-condition to a member function.
Precondition:
A precondition is a condition that must be true on entry to a member function. A class is used correctly if preconditions are never false. An operation is not responsible for doing anything sensible if its precondition fails to hold. For example, the interface invariants of stack class say nothing about pushing yet another element on a stack that is already full. We say that isful() is a precondition of the push operation.
Post-condition:
A post-condition is a condition that must be true on exit from a member function if the precondition was valid on entry to that function. A class is implemented correctly if post-conditions are never false. For example, after pushing an element on the stack, we know that isempty() must necessarily hold. This is a post-condition of the push operation.
19. What are the conditions that have to be met for a condition to be an invariant of the
class?
Answer:
The condition should hold at the end of every constructor.
The condition should hold at the end of every mutator(non-const) operation.
20. What are proxy objects?
Answer:
Objects that stand for other objects are called proxy objects or surrogates.
Example:
template
class Array2D
{
public:
class Array1D
{
public:
T& operator[] (int index);
const T& operator[] (int index) const;
...
};
Array1D operator[] (int index);
const Array1D operator[] (int index) const;
...
};
The following then becomes legal:
Array2D
........
cout<
21. Name some pure object oriented languages.
Answer:
Smalltalk,
Java,
Eiffel,
Sather.
22. Name the operators that cannot be overloaded.
Answer:
sizeof . .* .-> :: ?:
23. What is a node class?
Answer:
A node class is a class that,
relies on the base class for services and implementation,
provides a wider interface to te users than its base class,
relies primarily on virtual functions in its public interface
depends on all its direct and indirect base class
can be understood only in the context of the base class
can be used as base for further derivation
can be used to create objects.
A node class is a class that has added new services or functionality beyond the services inherited from its base class.
24. What is an orthogonal base class?
Answer:
If two base classes have no overlapping methods or data they are said to be independent of, or orthogonal to each other. Orthogonal in the sense means that two classes operate in different dimensions and do not interfere with each other in any way. The same derived class may inherit such classes with no difficulty.
25. What is a container class? What are the types of container classes?
Answer:
A container class is a class that is used to hold objects in memory or external storage. A container class acts as a generic holder. A container class has a predefined ehavior and a well-known interface. A container class is a supporting class whose purpose is to hide the topology used for maintaining the list of objects in memory. When a container class contains a group of mixed objects, the container is called a heterogeneous container; when the container is holding a group of objects that are all the same, the container is called a homogeneous container.
Answer:
An abstract class is a protocol class if:
it neither contains nor inherits from classes that contain member data, non-virtual functions, or private (or protected) members of any kind.
it has a non-inline virtual destructor defined with an empty implementation,
all member functions other than the destructor including inherited functions, are declared pure virtual functions and left undefined.
27. What is a mixin class?
Answer:
A class that provides some but not all of the implementation for a virtual base class is often called mixin. Derivation done just for the purpose of redefining the virtual functions in the base classes is often called mixin inheritance. Mixin classes typically don't share common bases.
28. What is a concrete class?
Answer:
A concrete class is used to define a useful object that can be instantiated as an automatic variable on the program stack. The implementation of a concrete class is defined. The concrete class is not intended to be a base class and no attempt to minimize dependency on other classes in the implementation or behavior of the class.
29.What is the handle class?
Answer:
A handle is a class that maintains a pointer to an object that is programmatically accessible through the public interface of the handle class.
Explanation:
In case of abstract classes, unless one manipulates the objects of these classesthrough pointers and references, the benefits of the virtual functions are lost. User code may become dependent on details of implementation classes because an abstract type cannot be allocated statistically or on the stack without its size being known. Using pointers or references implies that the burden of memory management falls on the user. Another limitation of abstract class object is of fixed size. Classes however are used to represent concepts that require varying amounts of storage to implement them. A popular technique for dealing with these issues is to separate what is used as a single object in two parts: a handle providing the user interface and a representation holding all
or most of the object's state. The connection between the handle and the representation is typically a pointer in the handle. Often, handles have a bit more data than the simple epresentation pointer, but not much more. Hence the layout of the handle is typically table, even when the representation changes and also that handles are small enough to move around relatively freely so that the user needn’t use the pointers and the references.
30. What is an action class?
Answer:
The simplest and most obvious way to specify an action in C++ is to write a
function. However, if the action has to be delayed, has to be transmitted 'elsewhere'
before being performed, requires its own data, has to be combined with other actions, etc
then it often becomes attractive to provide the action in the form of a class that can
execute the desired action and provide other services as well. Manipulators used with
iostreams is an obvious example.
Explanation:
A common form of action class is a simple class containing just one virtual
function.
class Action
{
public:
virtual int do_it( int )=0;
virtual ~Action( );
}
Given this, we can write code say a member that can store actions for later
execution without using pointers to functions, without knowing anything about the
objects involved, and without even knowing the name of the operation it invokes. For
example:
class write_file : public Action
{
File& f;
public:
int do_it(int)
{
return fwrite( ).suceed( );
}
};
class error_message: public Action
{
response_box db(message.cstr( ),"Continue","Cancel","Retry");
switch (db.getresponse( ))
{
case 0: return 0;
case 1: abort();
case 2: current_operation.redo( );return 1;
}
};
A user of the Action class will be completely isolated from any knowledge of
derived classes such as write_file and error_message.
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